為何需要實驗紀錄
『做實驗沒有紀錄 就等於沒做; 你是在霸佔實驗時間 浪費地球資源』。
請隨身攜帶一本實驗筆記,詳實紀錄實驗過程與實驗遇到的困難。向助教尋求協助時必須將問題整理在筆記內,並紀錄解決方法。請教助教或老師的過程若擔心記不
住完整對話內容,可以利用錄音筆或攝影器材等工具輔助紀錄。
原則上不管該周實作題目有多簡單,你都可以留下實驗紀錄,比如沒有要寫成書面報告的程式碼,解決問題的流程,請教助教的問題與助教給你的提示與
solution
(這個很重要,除了極少數人有過目不忘的能力,一般人只要沒有把聽到或學到的東西透過自己的思緒記錄下來,很快就會忘記。助教沒有那麼多時間重複講解同樣
的東西給你聽。Ex. Q: scilab 無法正確顯示字型該如何? A: 工具列 -> Preferences -> Set
font -> 選用 courier new
字型)。參考資料的錯漏之處也可以紀錄,避免下次看到的時候發生誤解(有些口頭訂正的錯誤只有很久以後修訂翻新投影片或講義時才會補正)。每週評台上報
告、或者自我檢討口頭報告的內容當然也是實驗紀錄的一部分。所有實作內容都可能出成期中期末考題,依照進度按按部就班地完成它就可以減少很多麻煩。
另外每次實作題目需以個人為單位來完成(包含程式與機械加工),所以實驗紀錄也是分開檢查) 往後除了確實完成實作內容(檢查程式是否能執行),也要讓助教檢視個人實驗記錄本之後簽名認證方能離開實驗室。如果沒有落實凡作實驗必寫實驗紀錄的習慣, 同學很容易因為惰性而不去寫,不得已只能透過每週檢查來讓同學培養習慣。
另外每次實作題目需以個人為單位來完成(包含程式與機械加工),所以實驗紀錄也是分開檢查) 往後除了確實完成實作內容(檢查程式是否能執行),也要讓助教檢視個人實驗記錄本之後簽名認證方能離開實驗室。如果沒有落實凡作實驗必寫實驗紀錄的習慣, 同學很容易因為惰性而不去寫,不得已只能透過每週檢查來讓同學培養習慣。
基本原則
實驗紀錄主要用來真實紀錄實驗時發生各種情況,可以完整呈現思考流程與背景資訊。因此實際紀錄必須紀錄完整的資訊,包含實驗當下的環境變數,所有原始數據。等到實際分析數據時才有足夠資訊判斷分析過程是否合理,進行除錯。若要將實驗紀錄作為有公信力的參考證據,就必須避免塗改,杜絕筆記被竄改的可能性,並透過第三方(多半是上司或所屬研究單位的指導教授)定期署名認證,如此的實驗紀錄才具備法律效力。
- 使用可長久保留筆跡之書寫工具(原子筆、特殊墨水鋼筆等)
- 每頁均紀錄時間與使用人(若為私人筆記則可略)
- 記載內容無一定格式,以清晰易瞭解為主
- 請儘量連續頁數紀錄,勿留空白頁
- 紀錄錯誤劃線刪去即可,勿使用修正液或修正帶
- 定期將筆記交由見證人(助教或教授)審閱簽名註記
- 未經許可,請勿擅自翻看他人的筆記
- 儘量避免浮貼紀錄,若為照片或電腦繪圖則浮貼後蓋章或簽名標示
至於實驗課的紀錄可以參考 Caltech Lab notebook format ,以下轉錄該守則內容
PH77 LAB NOTEBOOK FORMAT Obtain an Avery model 43-684 Computation Notebook or equivalent to keep your notes in. Your labs will be graded based on the content of this notebook, so it is important that you communicate your work effectively to the grader.
Good notebook skills will be essential to you as a practicing physicist, so it is important that you get in the habit of keeping good records early. The following requirements are designed to help you practice good scientific record-keeping skills, and to enhance your grade by communicating to the T.A. what you have done and how you obtained your results.
GENERAL FORMAT All entries must be in ink. Cross out any mistakes with a single line.
Page 1: Title, your name and contact info, and your schedule for the term.
Page 2: Table of contents, filled in over the course of the term as you work.
Pages 3-end: Records of the work you have done for the class. Each lab should have its own section, formatted as described below.
Each page should begin with the date, the lab number you are working on, and where applicable, the session number. List your lab partner's name if you worked with someone else. For example:
"Friday, Jan. 23, 2004. Ray Kroc, Lab 13, Session 2 (Lab Partner: Dave Thomas)"
Leave a small space at the end of each page for the T.A. to initial and date that page.
A page from a lab notebook, dated, clearly written in ink, and initialed and dated by a collegue not directly involved in the research is recognized by U.S. patent law as proof of discovery or invention. This kind of format, including initialization and dating by a collegue, is routinely followed by national and corporate research labs.
SECTIONS
Your report for each lab should be divided up into the following sections.
1. PRELAB EXERCISES AND RECITATION NOTES:
Record the answers to your prelab exercises in this section. Also record any notes you want to keep from your recitation session.
2. PURPOSE
Be specific and brief. A hypothetical example: "In this lab we plan to measure the rates of both charged-current and neutral-current reactions between solar neutrinos and deuterium. If we observe a difference between these two rates, that would be evidence for neutrino oscillations and, hence, a nonzero neutrino mass."
3. APPARATUS AND SETTINGS:
Sketch the apparatus, and describe the signal path where appropriate. Record every connection and setting in a clear and concise manner. This and the next section are the most important ones in your notebook. The information you record here must be complete enough and clear enough for one of your peers (i.e. one of your classmates who has not yet done the lab you are doing) to reproduce your results just from reading your notebook.
Your T.A. will sometimes check your work by reproducing your results based on what you write in this section, and you will only get credit for this section if the T.A. is able to reproduce your results from your notes.
4. PROCEDURES AND RAW DATA:
This is your diary. Record your actions and results as they happen. Print out screenshots from the oscilloscopes and tape them into your notebook here as needed. Be quantitative wherever possible, and don’t forget units and error bars where appropriate. If you obtain unexpected results, try and find out why. Record any debugging you do.
Leave wrong results or mistakes in your lab book, crossed out with a single line.
Again, your T.A. will occasionally try and reproduce your results by following your procedures as you record them in this section. Again, you will only get credit for this section if your T.A. is able to reproduce the results you report from the procedures you list.
If your result is wrong, but reproducible, you will still get partial credit. Irreproducible results, even if they are right, will earn little or no credit at all.
5. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS:
If your raw data needs to be analyzed, do that here. Include any computer code that you use. Write one paragraph, at least, in conclusion, whether you needed to do any analysis or not. Did you see evidence for the effect you set out to observe? What was the value, with units and uncertainties, of the quantity you set out to measure? If your results did not agree with your expectations, as is sometimes the case, speculate on possible reasons.
PH77 LAB NOTEBOOK FORMAT Obtain an Avery model 43-684 Computation Notebook or equivalent to keep your notes in. Your labs will be graded based on the content of this notebook, so it is important that you communicate your work effectively to the grader.
Good notebook skills will be essential to you as a practicing physicist, so it is important that you get in the habit of keeping good records early. The following requirements are designed to help you practice good scientific record-keeping skills, and to enhance your grade by communicating to the T.A. what you have done and how you obtained your results.
GENERAL FORMAT All entries must be in ink. Cross out any mistakes with a single line.
Page 1: Title, your name and contact info, and your schedule for the term.
Page 2: Table of contents, filled in over the course of the term as you work.
Pages 3-end: Records of the work you have done for the class. Each lab should have its own section, formatted as described below.
Each page should begin with the date, the lab number you are working on, and where applicable, the session number. List your lab partner's name if you worked with someone else. For example:
"Friday, Jan. 23, 2004. Ray Kroc, Lab 13, Session 2 (Lab Partner: Dave Thomas)"
Leave a small space at the end of each page for the T.A. to initial and date that page.
A page from a lab notebook, dated, clearly written in ink, and initialed and dated by a collegue not directly involved in the research is recognized by U.S. patent law as proof of discovery or invention. This kind of format, including initialization and dating by a collegue, is routinely followed by national and corporate research labs.
SECTIONS
Your report for each lab should be divided up into the following sections.
1. PRELAB EXERCISES AND RECITATION NOTES:
Record the answers to your prelab exercises in this section. Also record any notes you want to keep from your recitation session.
2. PURPOSE
Be specific and brief. A hypothetical example: "In this lab we plan to measure the rates of both charged-current and neutral-current reactions between solar neutrinos and deuterium. If we observe a difference between these two rates, that would be evidence for neutrino oscillations and, hence, a nonzero neutrino mass."
3. APPARATUS AND SETTINGS:
Sketch the apparatus, and describe the signal path where appropriate. Record every connection and setting in a clear and concise manner. This and the next section are the most important ones in your notebook. The information you record here must be complete enough and clear enough for one of your peers (i.e. one of your classmates who has not yet done the lab you are doing) to reproduce your results just from reading your notebook.
Your T.A. will sometimes check your work by reproducing your results based on what you write in this section, and you will only get credit for this section if the T.A. is able to reproduce your results from your notes.
4. PROCEDURES AND RAW DATA:
This is your diary. Record your actions and results as they happen. Print out screenshots from the oscilloscopes and tape them into your notebook here as needed. Be quantitative wherever possible, and don’t forget units and error bars where appropriate. If you obtain unexpected results, try and find out why. Record any debugging you do.
Leave wrong results or mistakes in your lab book, crossed out with a single line.
Again, your T.A. will occasionally try and reproduce your results by following your procedures as you record them in this section. Again, you will only get credit for this section if your T.A. is able to reproduce the results you report from the procedures you list.
If your result is wrong, but reproducible, you will still get partial credit. Irreproducible results, even if they are right, will earn little or no credit at all.
5. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS:
If your raw data needs to be analyzed, do that here. Include any computer code that you use. Write one paragraph, at least, in conclusion, whether you needed to do any analysis or not. Did you see evidence for the effect you set out to observe? What was the value, with units and uncertainties, of the quantity you set out to measure? If your results did not agree with your expectations, as is sometimes the case, speculate on possible reasons.
電子學實驗紀錄
實驗實做時找助教 debug 時必需有完整的實驗紀錄,如上段文字所述紀錄在 PROCEDURES AND RAW DATA 項目中。比方說遇到示波器波形與預期狀況不同時,你必
須先在記錄本上紀錄異常狀況為何,畫圖解釋,加上適當地註解文字。紀錄你試圖除錯所採用的手法(檢查電路佈線,改變示波器觸發模式,改變不同訊號產生器輸入參數等等),你必須先對自己的錯誤狀態找出三種可能的原因,並動手做出偵錯行為,紀錄在筆記本上。沒有看到你的紀錄之前助教不會給予任何協助。助教協助debug成功後,你必須自行將該錯誤的解法紀錄在筆記本上,寫成FAQ (此術語定義參考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ ,即自問自答形式的說明文件),在下一週實驗課以前打成電子檔寄給助教,審核未通過者必須依照批改意見修改重交。每次助教debug 完都會紀錄該週有哪些組別要交幾份FAQ,未完成者下次實作時助教會拒絕該組別的 debug 要求(你只能自己找其他同學問)。
FAQ 範例如下:
Q: 詢問針對prelab題目中所編寫之程式碼(利用Stepper Library),為何產生震動情形(非來回轉動),而非單方向轉動?
A: 經過A班全員助教協助針對 Stepper Library 各個function的定義做查詢,結果無解。 B班鄭宇翔助教路過幫忙,猜想在Stepper中所指定的四個腳位不如我們所想,改變排列後,順利成為單方向轉動。B班鄭宇翔助教幫忙過程中亦發現,arduino板未接地,經助教說未接地是很危險的,網路資料是說恐造成放電現象,若累積 過多電荷可能有危險。
須先在記錄本上紀錄異常狀況為何,畫圖解釋,加上適當地註解文字。紀錄你試圖除錯所採用的手法(檢查電路佈線,改變示波器觸發模式,改變不同訊號產生器輸入參數等等),你必須先對自己的錯誤狀態找出三種可能的原因,並動手做出偵錯行為,紀錄在筆記本上。沒有看到你的紀錄之前助教不會給予任何協助。助教協助debug成功後,你必須自行將該錯誤的解法紀錄在筆記本上,寫成FAQ (此術語定義參考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ ,即自問自答形式的說明文件),在下一週實驗課以前打成電子檔寄給助教,審核未通過者必須依照批改意見修改重交。每次助教debug 完都會紀錄該週有哪些組別要交幾份FAQ,未完成者下次實作時助教會拒絕該組別的 debug 要求(你只能自己找其他同學問)。
FAQ 範例如下:
Q: 詢問針對prelab題目中所編寫之程式碼(利用Stepper Library),為何產生震動情形(非來回轉動),而非單方向轉動?
A: 經過A班全員助教協助針對 Stepper Library 各個function的定義做查詢,結果無解。 B班鄭宇翔助教路過幫忙,猜想在Stepper中所指定的四個腳位不如我們所想,改變排列後,順利成為單方向轉動。B班鄭宇翔助教幫忙過程中亦發現,arduino板未接地,經助教說未接地是很危險的,網路資料是說恐造成放電現象,若累積 過多電荷可能有危險。
實驗紀錄範例
以下內容為中央大學物理系 102 級 周基霖 同學進行第四學期專題實驗時之實驗筆記,可作為參考範例(39 pages)。